Relaying system



accordance with the resultant voltage drop across the resistors 15.

The relay 19 may be provided with a dashpot (not shown) or some other suitable means well known to the art for introducing a time element in its operation. The energization of the magnet coil 20 closes the contacts 21 to complete a protective circuit for the main system or to actuate controls for such purposes. Measuring or indicating means may also be energized, similarly to the operation of the relay 19, to afford means whereby phase unbalance or phase failure may be noted.

In Fig. 1 the resistors 15 may be dispensed with and the secondaries of the current transformers l2, 13 and 14 connected in parallel, thereby providing an energizing current for the relay 19 which is proportional to the greatest current in one of the three transformers. Consequently, such an arrangement is particularly suitable for over-current protective systems which heretofore required a lurality of relays.

n Fig. 2, I have shown another embodl ment of my invention wherein voltage transformers 27, 28 and 29 are connected to the different phases of a polyphase system 26. The secondaries of each of the transformers are connected in circuit with dry rectifiers 3l, 32 and 33, and the three circuit sections 27- 31, 28-32 and 29-33 are connected in parallel with each other. The winding 35 of the switch 34 is thereby energized by a 'current which is proportional to the greatest voltage occurring on one of the voltage transformers 27, 28, and 29.

In the event of an overvoltage on any phase of the system 26, the transformers 27, 28 and 29 provide the rectiiers 31, 32 and 33 with an unbalanced voltage, and the resultant rectied current energines the magnetfwinding 35 of the relay 34; the said energizing current being proportional to the degree of voltage unbalance. The energization of the coil 35 causes the switch 34 to close its contacts 36 to energize a desired protective or control circuit.

A modification of this arrangement, whereby the magnet winding of the switch 34 may be energized by a current corresponding to the average value of the A. C. currents, is obtained4 by loading the secondaries of the transformers 27,28 and 29 with resistances through associated rectiiiers 31, 32 and 33. This arrangement is similar to that shown in Fig. 1 with the exception of the type of transformers used.

In Fig. 3, I have illustrated my invention as applied to two independent alternatingcurrent networks. In this case I provide a single relay to eect a control of the prede tcrmined relative voltages of the two netwer In each of two independent A. C. networks 41 and 42 there is connected a voltage trans former 43 and 44, respectively. The secondary windings of these transformers are connected through nectiiiers 45 and 46 to resistors 47 in such manner that the D. C. voltages across the resistors are in opposition. In this arrangement the magnet winding 49 of the relay 48 is energized by a direct current proportional to the difference between the effective values of the voltage in the A. C. networks 41 and 42.

The above scheme may be modified in that current transformers may be used instead of the voltage transformers, thereby causing the magnet winding of the relay to be traversed by a direct current, the strength of which is proportional to the dili'erence between the effective values of the current in the A. C. networks.

Another scheme embodying my invention involves a comparison of the voltage and current of an electric system. This method, as shown in F ig. 4, entails the use of a voltage transformer 52 and a current transformer 53, the respective secondaries of which are connected together through rectiiiers 54, 55, 56 and 57 to load resistances 58 and 59 and the associated relay circuit, as indicated in the drawing. The coil 64 of the relay 63 is energized by a current proportional to the voltage drop across the opposing resistances 58 and 59. This magnetizing current is proportional to the difference between the current and the voltage of the A. C. source 51 where the current and voltage vary in accordance with the transformation ratio of the transformers 52 and 53 and the magnitude of the resistances 58 and 59.

The relay 63 will operate in the manner of a so-called impedance relay, when the switch 61 is closed, in the event of a disturbance. The inductive resistance of the choke coil 62 has a predetermined value so that the closing of switch 61 will cause the current to rise therein according to an exponential curve. The magnetizing current of the magnet wind! ing 64 will rise the more rapidly, therefore, and actuate the relay for smaller values of voltage and for greater values of current eX- isting in the A. C. source. This arrangement is particularly applicable for selective protection and may be modified so that only the part of the rectified. voltage dependent upon the increase ofthe current in the A. C. system A will conform to an exponential curve.

According to the arrangement in F ig. 5, the7 magnet winding of the controlling device consists of two portions 76 and 77, one of which is arranged in the secondary circuit of a voltage transformer 72 and the other in the secondary circuit of the current transformer 73. Rectifiers 74 and 75 are, disposed in the secondary circuits of the transformers; said transformers being connected to an A. C. systeni 71.

'lhe'two windings 76 and 77 are connected to eachother as cross-coils at a fixed angle, and may be rotated as a unit between the poles of a permanent magnet, as shown in the drawing. The degree of rotation of the coil assembly is proportional to the quotients of the A. C. voltage and current, that is, depending on the impedance of the A. C. circuit, and independent of the phase displacement between current and voltage. This relation can be used either to determine the position of a fault on the occurrence of a short circuit, or to adjust a stop, by means of a switch device, for a contact rotating with pre-determined speed in the manner used in a known type of impe ance relay.

The arrangement, according to Fig. 5, can be connected with the arrangement shown in Y Fig. 4 in such a manner that when the impedance falls below a definite limiting value, a contact is closed by the device 76, 77, which, in turn, causes the closure of the switch 61 arranged in the energizing circuit of the relay 63 (Fig. 4).

T he application of my invention to apparent-power meters is obvious because the product of the A. C. voltage and current will cause such a device to operate similarly to a wattmeter.

It is to be understood that my invention is not limited to the type of rectifiers shown, since an other kind of rectification may be used wit advantage.

If rectifiers composed of separate elements, for example, copper oxide rectifiers are used for rectifying the A. C. voltage, the currentvoltage characteristic of which does not follow a straight line, then it is difficult to ensure that the arrangement will always operate faultlessly, that is, in such a manner that the device under control will respond exactly at the instant at which the departure between the two A. C. magnitudes to be compared takes place.

In other words, in each case, the number of series connected rectifier elements and the transformation ratio of the associated transformer must be so related that, after completed comparison, the same A. C. voltage isk applied to each rectifier element, and the ohmic value of the associated resistances must be so dimensioned that after completed cornparison, each rectifier element is traversed by a direct current of equal strength. If any of the transformers necessitate a change of transformation ratio, in accordance with the above requirements, the proper total transformation ratio may be created by the use of an intermediate transformer. It is obvious that the ohmic values of the associated resistances may be varied to insure that each rectifier element is traversed by a direct current of equal. strength and the apparatus to be controlled should always be connected between such points of the resistances which show equal potential after completed comparison.

My invention is not limited to applications for electromagnet switching, measuring or indicating devices, as is easily apparent and it is therefore understood that no .such limitations will be imposed on my invention beyond the scope of the appended claims.

I claim as my invention:

l. In combination with a polyphase circuit, means responsive to an unbalanced current condition on the phases of said circuit comprising a relay, and means for energizing said relay in accordance with the unbalance between rectified currents derived from said circuit respectively proportional to the phase currents thereof.

2. In a polyphase circuit, means for deriving rectified currents therefrom respectively proportional to the phase currents of the circuit, and means including a relay energized in accordance with the algebraic sum of the rectified quantities for all values of current occurring in said circuit.

3. In a olyphase circuit, a single relay energized y a direct current proportional to a voltage drop across a plurality of resistors, said resistors having a voltage applied theretob means includin rectif ino means Y g Y e energized from said circuit.

4. In combination with a polyphase circuit, means responsive to an unbalanced condition on the phases of said circuit including a single relay, and means for energizing said relay only in accordance with the imbalance between rectified currents derived1 from said circuit respectively proportional to an electrical f quantity thereof.

5. In a polyphase circuit, a plurality of means for deriving rectified currents therefrom respectively proportional to an electrical quantity of the circuit, and means including a single relay energized only in accordance with the algebraic sum of said rectified currents for all values of voltage occurring in said circuit.

6. In a polyphase system, means including means for deriving a plurality of rectified currents from said system, for solely actuating a single relay upon the occurrence of a change in an electrical quantity of any of the phases of the said system.

7. In a polyphase system, means for deriving substantially equal rectified quantities therefrom, resist-ors traversed by said rectified quantities, and a single relay connected across said resistors for enerdization in accordance with the voltage drop across said resistors.

8. In combination with two separate A. C. networks, means for deriving rectified quantities from each network a single relay and means for effecting the energization thereof in accordance with a predetermined difference between said rectified quantities.

9 In an aiternatin -current system? for efecting an im ance control includs g? in combination, voltage-transforming means associated with said system, currentwrans forming means associated with said system? rectifyin means associated with the secn ondary circuits of both of said transforming means, and control means energized irons said transforming means through said rect fying means for effecting an impedance dication.

16. The combination, in an aiternatin current stem, of testifying' means9 me associateiywith said system and said rectiid"l ing means for energizin said rectiiying means in accordance with t e system voltage? a second rectiying means9 means associated said system and said second rectiirf means for 'energizing said second resti@ means in accordance with the system s rent, und ieiay means energized through se ci rectifying means for effecting a control in cordance with the system impedance,

11. In an aternatingurrent system7 combination of transforming means ciated therewith, rectifying means associafcd v with said transforming means and adapte c sulpiy a plurality of rectified currents from sai system and a single electromespon means energized soely in accordance W the rectified currents for eifecting a con indication in accordance with the syste conditions.,

In testimony whereof9 I have hereunto sir's scribed my 'name this 22nd day of dniy In? at f3eriin-Siemensstadt9 Germany..

ERICH FRIEDLN" 

